Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Archäologie SONDERDRUCK MONOGRAPHIEN DES RGZM Band 150 Jörg Drauschke · Ewald Kislinger · Karin Kühtreiber Thomas Kühtreiber · Gabriele Scharrer-Liška Tivadar Vida (Hrsg.) LEBENSWELTEN ZWISCHEN ARCHÄOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE FESTSCHRIFT FÜR FALKO DAIM ZU SEINEM 65. GEBURTSTAG Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2018 Redaktion: Claudia Nickel, Marie Röder (RGZM) Korrektur englischer Texte und Summaries: Carola Murray-Seegert, Oberursel Satz: Claudia Nickel (RGZM) Umschlaggestaltung: Claudia Nickel (RGZM), Foto: KHM-Museumsverband Bibliograische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograie; detaillierte bibliograische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-88467-292-1 ISSN 0171-1474 © 2018 Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funk- und Fernsehsendung, der Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem (Fotokopie, Mikrokopie) oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, Ton- und Bildträgern bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Die Vergütungsansprüche des § 54, Abs. 2, UrhG. werden durch die Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort wahrgenommen. Druck: johnen-druck GmbH & Co. KG, Bernkastel-Kues Printed in Germany. Foto Andrea Stockhammer MICHEL KAZANSKI SOME TYPES OF FIBULAE IN THE SOUTHWESTERN BALTIC AREA AND THEIR WESTERN PARALLELS Fibulae of Western origin have long been identiied in East Prussia 1. They are most characteristic of the Olsztyn group of the West Baltic archaeological culture located in Mazovia, i. e. at some distance from the Baltic shores. The majority of their Western parallels can be found in the inner-continental part of the Merovingian world, in Germany 2. This implies that Western ibulae were brought to Prussia via Central Europe and spread with the Baltic bearers of the Olsztyn group of the West Baltic culture. Yet stray inds of fasteners may be indicative of sea contacts over the North and Baltic Seas, which will be shown in this paper. 1. Fibulae of the Monsheim-Liebenau-West Stow type and their derivates 3 with a lozenge-shaped pin and a rectangular headplate, dated from 450/470 to 500/520, are typical for continental Saxons. Their main area covers the lower reaches of the rivers Elbe and Weser (ig. 2B). These ibulae and their imitations are well known in Sambia, Natangia (PL / RUS) and further east on the Curonian Lagoon (Kurshsky zaliv / Kurštu Martos / RUS / LIT) coast. Fibulae from Dollkeim / Kovrovo (Kaliningrad obl., Zelenogradsk district / RUS) 4 (ig. 1, 1) can be cited as an example of inds in the Sambian peninsula. It can be assumed that ibulae of the Monsheim-Liebenau-West Stow type and their replicas spread along the seacoast, and that the »staging post« connecting the North and Baltic Sea segments of this route was located in the Schleswig area 5. 2. Fibulae of the Breitenfurt type and their derivates are also of Saxon origin and date from 450/470 to 500/520 6. Their eastern form, known as »Pritzier-Perdhöl«, is best represented east of the Elbe river, in Holstein (ig. 2A). They (or their replicas) are also well known on the sites of East Prussia 7, e. g. in the cemeteries of Dollkeim / Kovrovo and Schlakalken / Zaostrovye (Kaliningrad obl., Zelenogradsk district / RUS) 8 (ig. 1, 2-6) belonging to the Dollkeim / Kovrovo culture of the West Balts (the Aestii recorded in the irst half of the 6th century by Cassiodorus and Jordanes: Cassiodorus, Variae V.2; Jordanes, Getica 36), as well as on the Kurisches Haff coast. Probably, as was the case with the Monsheim ibulae, the fashion for these fasteners spread over the sea 9. Fibulae of the Breitenfurt type and their derivates date from 450/470 to 500/520, i. e. in the period E1 of the Western Baltic chronology 10. This dating is substantiated by the inds of these ibulae in closed complexes containing amber beads with engraved decoration 11, e. g., in burial 33 of the Lauth / Bolshoe Isakovo cemetery (Kaliningrad obl., Gurievsk district / RUS) 12 or in burial 210 of the Eislieten / Geroiskoe-5 cemetery (Kaliningrad obl., Zelenogradsk district / RUS) 13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 See in more detail: Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln 205-290. Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln ig. 7, 51. Kühn, Bügelibeln 878-888; Böhme, Ende der Römerherrschaft 554-556. Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pls 13, 99; 14, 100-106. Kazanski / Mastykova, Contacts 120; Kazanski / Mastykova, O morskih kontaktah 106. V. Hilberg expressed doubts about the existence of such a route: Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln 207. Kühn, Bügelibeln 869-877; Böhme, Ende der Römerherrschaft 558. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln 205-207 Fundliste 8. Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pls 13, 95-97. 108-109; 34, 300. Kazanski / Mastykova, Contacts 120. Kowalski, Chronologią ig. 2. On their dating see Mastykova, Amber Beads. Skvozov, Bol’šoe Isakovo pl. 39, 6. Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln ig. 10, 11. Lebenswelten zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte – Festschrift für Falko Daim 193 1 2 7 3 8 12 6 5 4 10 9 11 14 13 15 16 17 18 Fig. 1 Some ibulae from the southeastern Baltic area and their Western parallels: 1-5 Dollkeim / Kovrovo. – 6 Schlakalken / Zaostrovie. – 7 Kellaren / Kielary, grave 16. – 8-11 Domburg. – 12 Dour. – 13 Daumen / Tumiany, grave 34. – 14 Daumen / Tumiany. – 15 Friedrikenhain / Jagiełki. – 16 Kossewen / Kosewo, grave 366. – 17 East Prussia. – 18 Schönwarling / Skwarcz. – (1-5 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 13, 94-95. 97. 99. 108a; 6 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 34, 300; 7 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 18, 139; 8-11 after Koch, Bügelibeln pl. 57, 1-4; 12 after Koch, Bügelibeln pl. 38, 1; 13 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 6, 45; 14 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 10, 75; 15 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 15, 115; 16 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 1, 7; 17 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 28, 241; 18 after Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 34, 301). – Without scale. 194 M. Kazanski · Some Types of ibulae in the Southwestern Baltic Area and their Western Parallels Fig. 2 The spread of some types of ibulae represented in the southeastern Baltic area: A the Breitenfurt-Pritzier-Perdhöl type. – B the Monsheim-Liebenau-West Stow type. – C the Domburg type. – (A after Böhme, Ende der Römerherrschaft ig. 73; B after Böhme, Ende der Römerherrschaft ig. 72; C after Koch, Bügelibeln map 29). 3. A ibula of the Baltic-Mazurian type – Koch III.5.5. A. Koch, following J. Werner, attributed these digital ibulae with a lozenge-shaped pin as Baltic originating from Mazuria 14. In Western Europe, a single stray ind exists in Belgium, i. e. a silver gilt ibula 13.1 cm long from Dour (prov. Hainaut / B) 15 (ig. 1, 12). Such ibulae, however, are well known in the southern Baltic area on sites of the Olsztyn group of the West Baltic culture and in Eastern Pomerania 16. A white-metal ibula 10.2 cm long from Daumen / Tumiany, burial 34 (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie / PL) 17 (ig. 1, 13) is the closest parallel. This burial is dated to the period E2 of Baltic chronology, i. e. from 520 to 610/625. Another ibula from Daumen / Tumiany 18 (ig. 1, 14) seems to be a derivate of this type. Fasteners from Friedrikenhain / Jagiełki (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie / PL) 19, Kossewen / Kosewo, burial 366 (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie / PL) 20, »East Prussia« 21 and Schönwarling / Skwarcz (woj. pomorskie / PL) 22 (ig. 1, 15-18) are similar in general morphology, yet the shape of the pin and headplate and the presence of zoomorphous protrusions show a different decoration. The mapping of the spread of such ibulae is indicative for the Baltic origin of the Belgian ibula. Werner, Hennegau 58; Koch, Bügelibeln 253-254. Koch, Bügelibeln pl. 38, 1. 16 Mączyńska, Pommern 155 f. ig. 2, 7-9. 17 Jakobson, Daumen und Kellaren 42 pl. 21, a; Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln 374 pl. 6, 45. Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 10, 75. Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 15, 115. 20 Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln 352 pl. 1, 7. 21 Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pls 28, 241; 30, 261. 22 Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 34, 301. 14 18 15 19 Lebenswelten zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte – Festschrift für Falko Daim 195 4. Fibulae of the Domburg-Koch IX type are spread along the shores of the North Sea, mainly in the Netherlands 23 (ig. 2C); therefore this type is regarded as typically Dutch-Frisian. They date approximately from 520/530 to 610/630 24. Their prototypes should be looked for in the Turingian milieu of Middle Germany and Bohemia 25. Fibulae showing two stylized bird heads originating from stray inds at Domburg (prov. Zeeland / NL) 26 (ig. 1, 8-11) are of particular interest. There are also degraded, probably later forms 27. A bronze ibula 4.1 cm long (ig. 1, 7) from the Kielary / Kellaren cemetery (woj. warmińsko-mazurskie / PL), burial 16 of the Olsztyn group 28 seems to be very close to those from Domburg. The relevant burial is dated to stage E3 of Western Baltic chronology, i. e. from 610/625 to 650/675. Given the parallels from the Netherlands, this ibula could only have been brought to the Balts of Prussia by sea. These elements are spread in the context of the formation of the trans-European sea route along the south coast of the North and Baltic Seas. It will be recalled that the epoch of warfare in the southern Baltic area during the 4th-5th centuries involved Jutland, the Danish islands, Bornholm, Eland and Scania, and lasted until approximately 500. It can be deviated from inds of sacriicial sites of warlike outlook 29. The warfare only abates in the early 6th century with the emergence of a new economic and military-political situation 30. Since the 5th century, economic links in the Baltic area had been focused on Bornholm, Scania, Eland, Gotland and Uppland 31. The situation had changed by the mid-6th century. This might be due to the spread of the pan-European plague epidemic of the Justinian epoch, to the Scandinavian islands 32. In general, the mid-6th century saw certain important changes relected in the deposition of hoards of gold objects in the Baltic basin. This period is characterized not only by the plague but also by hard winters, regular solar eclipses, lean years and famine, resulting in high rates of mortality among the population of Northern Europe. These disastrous events might have led to deposits of many sacriicial hoards 33. It was at that time that continental links became more important for the southern Baltic area and the population of the Olsztyn group of the West Baltic culture moved to the forefront in external relations 34. Links between the Baltic coastal population of the southern Baltic area and the Merovingian world, however, are recorded in the 7th century as well 35. J. Werner suggested that sea contacts of the Old Prussian population with other areas of the Baltic-North Sea basin were carried out via the territory of present-day Denmark and the Baltic islands 36. The role of trade in these contacts cannot be disregarded, yet some Scandinavian archaeologists think that it should not be overestimated. According to them, political alliances of the elite of different tribes as well as purely military matters, such as looting raids, were equally important. It is believed that amber in the South and furs in the East were the main attractions for the Scandinavians 37. This assumption is to some extent justiied. Imports in the Baltic area during the Migration Period are indeed reduced almost entirely to such luxury items as glassware, ornaments and gold coins 38, which is indicative of the limited role of trade. Yet, be it as it may, the Baltic area and Scandinavia in the 5th-6th centuries were fairly closely linked to the pan-European network of communications and to the northern European sea route in particular 39. This route either passed 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Koch, Bügelibeln 450-454 Fundliste 29 map 29. Koch, Bügelibeln 452 f. Typentafel 4. Koch, Bügelibeln 453. Koch, Bügelibeln nos 650-653 pl. 57, 1-4. Koch, Bügelibeln pl. 57, 5-8. Jakobson, Daumen und Kellaren 72 pl. 122, a; Hilberg, Masurische Bügelibeln pl. 18, 139. Näsman, Danes 5-6; Kazanski, Mehovaia torgovlia 33-35. Näsman, Justinianic Era 261 ig. 1. Lund Hansen, Handelszentren 161 f. ig. 2; Kazanski, Mehovaia torgovlia 35-37. 196 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Seger, Zaselenie 107; Axboe, Amulet Pendants 130. Stenberger, Vorgeschichte 355-356; Axboe, Amulet Pendants 129-131; Kazanski, Mehovaia torgovlia 37. Kazanski / Mastykova, O morskih kontaktah 109. See, for example, Kontny / Pietrzak, Merovingian Belt. Werner, Hennegau 61. Näsman, Etnos 21. Lundström, Handel 272 f. Vierck, Verlaufsweg 59-63; Vierck, Imitatio imperii 65 ig. 1; Neumayer / Nüsse, Land des Bernsteins ig. 21. M. Kazanski · Some Types of ibulae in the Southwestern Baltic Area and their Western Parallels through the Baltic and North Seas 40 or via the Danish straits, or through Jutland, or else via a staging post in the southern part of Jutland 41. The spread of female accessories in traditional societies, with a few exceptions, such as beads, cannot relect trading links, since women’s costume had a special sacral status and moved only with its wearers. That is why the specialists in Baltic antiquities assume that the spread of women’s attire beyond their core area is indicative irst and foremost of marital relationships 42. Marriages usually secured military and political links between different barbarian peoples. It must be remembered, though, that the majority of the above-mentioned objects were local replicas of allochthonous ornaments. It seems likely that these ornaments, brought by their wearers into a foreign milieu, became imitated and included in the local attire. Acknowledgements Research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project »Elemental and isotopic analyses in the study of the historical and cultural relations and life style of the South-Eastern Baltic population (Roman period – the beginning of the Middle Ages)«, grant no. 16-06-00058-A. REFERENCES Baltique durant l’époque des Grandes Migrations et au début de l’époque mérovingienne. In: J. Plumier / M. 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Hohlov (eds), Arkheologia Baltiiskogo regiona (Moskva, Sankt-Peterburg 2013) 97-112. Koch, Bügelibeln: A. Koch, Bügelibeln der Merowingerzeit im westlichen Frankenreich. Monographien des RGZM 41 (Mainz, Bonn 1998). Kontny / Pietrzak, Merovingian Belt: B. Kontny / M. Pietrzak, Merovingian belt on the Vidivarian waist? Unexpected import from the Elbląg Group cemetery at Nowinka, Tolkemicko com. In: N. Makarov / A. Mastykova / A. Hohlov (eds), Arkheologia Baltiiskogo regiona (Moskva, Sankt-Peterburg 2013) 122-133. Kowalski, Chronologią: J. Kowalski, Z badań nad chronologią okresu węderówek ludów na ziemiach zachodniobałtyjskich (faza E). In: H. Judzińska (red.), Archeologia bałtyjska (Olsztyn 1991) 67-85. Kühn, Bügelibeln: H. Kühn, Die germanischen Bügelibeln der Völkerwanderungszeit in Süddeutschland (Graz 1974). Lund Hansen, Handelszentren: U. Lund Hansen, Handelszentren der römischen Kaiserzeit und Völkerwanderungszeit in Dänemark. In: B. Hårdh et al., Trade and Exchange in Prehistory. Studies in Honour of Berta Stjernquist. Acta archaeologica Lundensia: Series in octavo 16 (Lund 1988) 155-166. 42 Bitner-Wróbliewska, East-West Connections 124 f. Lebenswelten zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte – Festschrift für Falko Daim 197 Lundström, Handel: A. Lundström, Handel während der Völkerwanderungszeit und Merowingerzeit in Ostskandinavien. In: K. Düwel (ed.), Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vorund frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. 3: Der Handel des frühen Mittelalters. Akademie der Wissenschaften Göttingen. Philologisch-Historische Klasse: Abhandlungen 3. Folge, 150 (Göttingen 1985) 270-290. Mączyńska, Pommern: M. Mączyńska, Pommern in der Völkerwanderungszeit – 20 Jahre nach dem Aufsatz von Kazimierz Godłowski. In: J. Tejral, Barbaren im Wandel. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Identitätsumbildung in der Völkerwanderungszeit. Spisy Archeologického ùstavu AV ČR Brno 26 (Brno 2007) 148-171. 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Múzeumi füzetek 51 = Jósa András Múzeum kiadványai 47 (Aszód, Nyiregyháza 2001) 341-361. Stenberger, Vorgeschichte Schwedens: M. Stenberger, Vorgeschichte Schwedens (Berlin 1977). Näsman, Danes: U. Näsman, The Ethnogenesis of the Danes and the Making of a Danish kingdom. In: D. Grifiths / T. Dickinson (eds), The Making of Kingdoms. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10 (Oxford 1999) 1-10. Vierck, Imitatio imperii: H. Vierck, Imitatio imperii und interpretatio Germanica vor der Wikingerzeit. In: R. Zeitler (dir.), Les pays du Nord et Byzance (Scandinavie et Byzance). Figura N. S. 19 (Uppsala 1981) 64-113. Etnos: U. Näsman, Etnos i sviazi na Baltike v V-X vekah nashei ery. In: V. Masson (ed.), Vzaimodeistvie drevnih kultur v basseine Baltiiskogo moria (Leningrad 1989) 19-23. Verlaufsweg: H. Vierck, Bemerkungen zum Verlaufsweg innischangelsächsischer Beziehungen im sechsten Jahrhundert. Suomen Museo 74, 1967, 54-63. Justinianic Era: U. Näsman, The Justinianic Era of south Scandinavia: an Archaeological View. In: R. Hodges / W. Bowden (eds), The Sixth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand. Werner, Hennegau: J. Werner, Eine ostpreussische Bügelibel aus dem Hennegau. Germania 29, 1951, 58-62. Skvozov, Bol’šoe Isakovo: K. Skvozov, Das Gräberfeld der römischen Kaiserzeit von Bol’šoe Isakovo (ehemals Lauth, Kreis Königsberg). Katalog der Funde aus den Grabungen 1998 und 1999. Offa 61/62, 2004/2005 (2007), 11-219. SUMMARY Some Types of ibulae in the Southwestern Baltic Area and their Western Parallels Fibulae of Western / Merovingian and Saxon origin have long been identiied in East Prussia among the Western Baltic civilizations (Olsztyn, Elblong and Dollkeim-Kovrovo groups). Some inds of women’s brooches may be indicative of sea contacts via the North and Baltic Seas (types Monsheim-Liebenau-West Stow, Breitenfurt, Baltic-Mazurian – Koch III.5.5, Domburg – Koch IX). These elements are spread in the context of the formation of the trans-European sea route along the south coast of the North and Baltic Seas in the 5th-6th centuries. This route passed either through the Baltic and North Seas, or via the Danish straits, or through Jutland, or else via a staging post in the southern part of Jutland. The spread of women’s attire beyond their core area is indicative irst and foremost of marital relationships that secured military and political links between different barbarian peoples. Michel Kazanski Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8167 »Orient et Méditerranée« 52, rue du cardinal Lemoine F - 75005 Paris michel.kazanski@college-de-france.fr 198 M. Kazanski · Some Types of ibulae in the Southwestern Baltic Area and their Western Parallels